Archana shrestha a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of. The systolic, or upper, reading may be high, for ex ample, 150180, but the diastolic, or lower, reading is below 90. Hypertension affects approximately 75 million adults in the united states. Systolic blood pressure measurement during exercise or use of laboratory stressors. Blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day, but it can cause health problems if it stays high for a long time. Patient awareness and selfcare national healthcare group. There is no apparent underlying disease, condition or disorder causing the high blood pressure. Hypertension guideline resources american heart association. Archana shrestha a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment. Estimates of exactly how many americans have high blood pressure varythe american heart. Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version.
Followup of a young prehypertensive cohort yao lu 1, minggen lu 2, haijiang dai 1, pinting yang 3, julie smith gagen2, rujia miao 1, hua zhong 1, ruifang chen 1, xing liu1, zhijun huang, hong yuan1 1. Blood pressure is the force generated as your heart pumps blood and moves it through the blood. Signs and symptoms that suggest specific causes of secondary. More than 90% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension. Outside the scope of this guideline is the management of secondary causes of htn, accelerated htn, acute htn in emergency. Join our community just now to flow with the file hypertension and make our shared file collection even more complete and exciting. June 22, 2016 scope this guideline provides recommendations on how to diagnose and manage hypertension htn. Hypertension or high blood pressure can lead to heart disease, stroke, and death and is a major global health concern. June 22, 2016 scope this guideline provides recommendations on how to diagnose and manage hypertension htn in adults aged. Instead, hypertension occurs because of genes, diet and lifestyle. A diagnosis of hypertension but is a sign that further observation is required. When hypertension is caused by another condition or disease process, it is called secondary.
Etiology of hypertension refers to the causes of high blood pressure. Prevalence of essential hypertension increases with age, and individuals. View pdf highlights of the 2018 chinese hypertension guidelines. It is suggested that a much more discriminating policy for the management of hypertension is accepted in order to make diagnosis and treatment of those hypertensives who really need intensive care. Meaning, primary hypertension, apparently has no cause that can be identified with solid evidence. The first comprehensive guideline for detection, evaluation, and management of high bp was published in 1977, under the sponsorship of the nhlbi. Portal hypertension in 2016 portal hypertension in 2016 cancellation policy. Hypertension htn or high blood pressure, sometimes called arterial. Blood pressure goal for patients with hypertension 5. Primary essential hypertension is the term applied to the 95% of cases in which no cause for hypertension can be identified. Primary hypertension can be defined as an elevated bp of unknown cause due to cardiovascular risk factors resulting from changes in environmental and lifestyle factors. Essential or primary hypertension occurs when the condition has no known cause. The acc and aha convened this writing committee to address the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. Essential hypertension refers to a state of elevated blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, in a patient without obvious or determinable organic changes.
Hypertension less than 120 and 1209 or 140 or higher or less than 80 8089 90 or higher for adults ages 18 and older who are not on medicine for high blood pressure and do not have a shortterm serious illness. Know the facts about high blood pressure 1 what is high blood pressure. The very elderly 1 section 5 hypertension in special groups 20. A secondary etiology may be suggested by symptoms e. Fewer than 10% of patients have secondary hypertension. In the majority of patients with hypertension the cause cannot be found. Select high blood pressure from the list provides an easytoread overview of high blood pressure including causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. History of present illness major risk factors check if present targetorgan damage check if present. The seventh report of the joint national committee on. Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency that requires immediate therapy. High blood pressure, or hypertension as the disease is known medically, is our most common chronic illness. This pdf file on the pharmacological management of hypertension was written by the pharmacology opencourseware initiative at harvard medical school mit. Arterial hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality because of its association with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and renal disease. Especially in low and middleincome countries there is a rising prevalence partly due to urbanization.
Hypertension has been identified as a leading risk factor for mortality and ranked third as a cause of disability adjusted life years worldwide. Pdf essential hypertension is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular. It is made up of two numbers called the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Etiological agent of hypertension now to understand the etiology of hypertension, you must abreast yourself with the two types of this disease.
High blood pressure or hypertension is when your blood pressure is consistently higher than it should be. If you have either diabetes or chronic kidney disease, hypertension is defined as a blood pressure at or above 80 mmhg. Blood pressure is the force generated as your heart pumps blood and moves it through the blood vessels in your body. In older people, however, there is a form of hypertension called isolated systolic hypertension. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 329k, or click on a page image below. It is one of the most prevalent conditions seen today by researchers in both developed and underdeveloped countries.
Blood pressure is the force of blood against your artery walls as it circulates through your body. Including etiology of hypertension such as smoking. Secondary forms of hypertension are rare and the origin could be. Center of clinical pharmacology, the third xiangya hospital, central south university, changsha, china 2. Detailed summary from the 2017 guideline for the prevention.
If you have either diabetes or chronic kidney disease, hypertension is defined as a. The aha is launching a new initiative that elevates awareness and adoption. Genetic factor may play an important role in the development of essential hypertension. Having high blood pressure increases your risk of a number of serious conditions, including heart. Doctors classify hypertension into two namely primary hypertension which is also known as essential. To assess prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and. Essential hypertension refers to a state of elevated blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, in a patient without obvious or determinable organic changes in the tissues. Uncontrolled high blood pressure bp can lead to heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other serious life threats. National high blood pressure education program nih publication no.
Hypertension is important not only because of its increasing prevalence worldwide but also because it is a major modi. Symptoms suggestive of endocrine etiology weight loss, sweating. Now, in case of the first type, it has been found that in most adults, the condition comes as an idiopathic condition. Untreated hypertension is unequivocally linked to an increased risk in particular of left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction, a cerebrovascular accident or renal failure. Hypertension hypertension also known as high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition that is caused by a persistent elevation of the pressure inside the circulatory system.
For this type of hypertension, there is no single identifiable cause. Hypertension is due to specific causes in a small fraction of cases, but in the vast majority of individuals. Hypertension is one of the most common health problems in the world. High blood pressure doesnt usually have any symptoms, so most people dont know they have high blood pressure until. Treatment of secondary forms of hypertension differs widely. To better understand what causes hypertension there is need to visit the common classification of hypertension. They call attention to the burden of hypertension in children and adolescents, and its contribution to the current epidemic of cardiovascular disease, these. Join our community just now to flow with the file hypertension and. Hypertension patient awareness and selfcare what is blood pressure and high blood pressure. However evidence of a history of sustained elevated blood pressure bp is. Approximately 30% or more of all american adults have hypertension and unfortunately, many do not. When hypertension is caused by another condition or disease process, it is called secondary hypertension. The standardized techniques of blood pressure bp measurement in the clinic are emphasized and it is recommended to replace the mercury sphygmomanometer by a nonmercury sphygmomanometer. Signs and symptoms that suggest specific causes of.
Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Blood pressure is summarised by two measurements, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether. The condition of having elevated blood pressure is called hypertension. Blood pressure components, risk, and comorbidities of hypertension 10. Essential hypertension is currently understood as a multifactorial disease arising from the combined action of many genetic. Secondary hypertension is a type of hypertension with an underlying, potentially correctable cause. Types of hypertension and complications major types of. Having high blood pressure increases your risk of a number of serious conditions, including heart attack and stroke. Hypertension diagnosis and management effective date. Hypertension is the single most important cause of cvd morbidity and mortality in the world. Information guide pulmonary hypertension p u l m o n a r y h y p e r t e n s i o n. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension.
Blood pressure bp are uncontrolled in over 80% hypertensive population in china, indicating a compelling need for a pragmatic. It is defined as having a blood pressure at or above 14090 mmhg. Force on clinical expert consensus documents developed in collaboration. Hypertension is a major health problem throughout the world because of its high prevalence and its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Pdf the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the. The regional consultation on hypertension prevention and control held in abu dhabi, united arab emirates, 2022 december 2003, acknowledged the need for a standardized response to the growing challenge of hypertension see annex 1. Followup of a young prehypertensive cohort yao lu 1, minggen lu 2, haijiang dai 1, pinting yang 3, julie smith gagen2, rujia miao 1, hua zhong 1, ruifang chen 1, xing. Hypertension is another term for high blood pressure. Management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. High blood pressure appsapplications blood pressure companion pro by maxwell software o cost. Estimates of exactly how many americans have high blood pressure varythe american heart association and the national heart, lung, and blood institute put the figure at about 5560 million, but. Coexistence of hypertension and related chronic conditions 11. Clinical guidelines for the management of hypertensionedited by oussama m. Treatment of systemic hypertension 162 am j cardiovasc dis 2012.
Some patients have hypertension secondary to primary hypertension or secondary to degenerative disease, such as diabetes, nephritis and hyperthyroidism. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 638k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Pathophysiology and clinical presentation correct diagnosis hypertension is a consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. This form of hypertension cannot be cured, but it can be controlled.
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